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Appendix I

Roman Tabular Data

The Roman Calendar

Days of the Week

Dies = Day	Associated Deity/Celestial Object
dies Solis 'Sun day' = Sunday	Phoebus, the Sun Apollo.
dies Lunae 'Moon day' = Monday	Luna, Selene, Delia or Phoebe, Diana the Moon.
dies Martis 'the day of Mars' = Tuesday	Mars, master of Flight and Terror. (compare French Mardi)
dies Mercuris 'the day of Mercury' = Wednesday	Mercury, swift Hermes, Father of Astrology. (compare French Mercredi)
dies Iovis 'the day of Jupiter' = Thursday	Jupiter or Jove, ruler of all the Gods.
dies Veneris 'the day of Venus' = Friday	Venus Astarte, both Hesperos and Lucifer. (compare French Vendredi)
dies Saturni 'the day of Saturn' = Saturday	Saturn, of the 'Golden Age'.

Months of the Year

Mensis = Month	Origin of Name
Januarius = January	God Janus
Februarius = February	Februa Festivals
Martius = March	War God Mars
Aprilis = April	Goddess Aprilis of the Etruscans
Maius = May	Earth Goddess Maia
Junius = June	Goddess Juno
Julius = July	Birth of the Divine Julius Caesar; originally quintillis
Augustus = August	Birth of the Divine Augustus Caesar; originally sextilis
September	'The Seventh Month'
October	'The Eighth Month'
November	'The Ninth Month'
December	'The Tenth Month'

For further information on the Roman calendar: percute hic!

Timetable of Roman Games and Festivals

Latin Date Translator JavaScript

The Roman Numeric System

Roman Numerals

Latin = Arabic	Derivation of Roman Figure
I = 1	a single digit
V = 5	graphic representation of five fingers
X = 10	graphic of two hands joined together
L = 50	adapted from a Chalcidic sign
C = 100	adapted from a Chalcidic sign; also the first letter of the word for one-hundred, centum.
D = 500	half of the Chalcidic sign , which represented one-thousand.
M = 1,000	the first letter of the word for one-thousand, mille.

For further information on Roman numerals: percute hic!

Latin Numeral Translator JavaScript

Imperial Roman Currency

Primary Roman Denominations

as from aes 'copper' (copper)

2½ asses = 1 sestertius 'two and a half' (brass)

4 sestertii = 1 denarius 'containing ten' (silver)

25 denarii = 1 aureus 'golden' (gold)

For further information on Roman coinage: percute hic!

Roman Linear and Volumetric Measures

Units of Length

1 uncia 'twelfth part' = approx. 1 inch

12 unciae 'inches' = 1 pes 'foot' = 29.59cm

5 pedes = 1 passus 'pace' = 1.48m

125 passuus = 1 stadium 'race-track'

8 stadia = mille passuum 'one-thousand paces' = 1 Roman Mile = 1.48km = 1,620yards

Units of Area

100 pedes quadrati 'square feet' = 1 scripulum

144 scripula = 1 actus quadratus

2 actus quadrati = 1 iugerum

2 iugera = 1 heredium

100 heredia = 1 centuria

Units of Weight

scripulum 'scruple, a small weight'

4 scripulae = 1 sextula 'a sixth part'

6 sextulae = 1 uncia 'a twelfth part' = approx. 1 ounce

12 unciae 'ounces' = 1 libra = 1 Roman pound = approx 11½ oz. or ¾ lb. avoirdupois.

Units of Volume or Capacity

(liquid)	(dry)
4 cochlearia 'snailshells' = 1 cyathus 'ladle, wine-measure' = ?
12 cyathi = 1 sextarius 'one-sixth measure' = approx. 1 pint
6 sextarii = 1 congius¹	8 sextarii = 1 semodius 'half-modius'
8 congii = 1 amphora²	2 semodii = 1 modius³ = approx. 1 peck
20 amphorae = 1 culleus

Related to the word congiarium, a largess for soldiers, usually in the form of a measure of corn, oil, wine etc.
An amphora was a large, two-handled earthenware jar of a standard size, used to transport foodstuffs such as olive-oil, cereals and wine.
An interesting example of a modius measure was found outside the fort at Magnis (Carvoran, Northumberland) on Hadrian's Wall.

The information on this page has been derived from a number of sources, including: The Romans - An Introduction by Antony Kamm, The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary, Kennedy's Revised Latin Primer by Benjamin Hall Kennedy, Chronology of the Ancient World by E.J. Bickerman and Roman Coinage in Britain by P.J. Casey.